10 years of Opportunity: Celebrating the rover’s role on Mars and Earth
by John Timmer - Jan 25 2014,
The view from within Victoria Crater. Craters expose rocks, like the ones in the foreground and the ridges in the distance, which allowed researchers to get a clearer picture of Mars' history.
On January 25, 2004, a strange object fell out of the sky on a distant planet—and when it hit the surface, it started to bounce. Even though that airbag-cushioned descent was exactly how things were planned, it wasn't exactly an elegant start to what's turned out to be a record-setting journey for Opportunity, which continues to operate long past its minimal mission time of 90 days.
Opportunity may be notable for its longevity and all the scientific data that it's sent back to Earth over the past decade. But it's also notable in how the rover has set standards for what we expect exploration missions to look like, from the hardware to the media coverage. When the mission is appreciated in its full context, it becomes a story that goes well beyond the little rover that could; it's the story of a mission that ushered NASA into a new era of space exploration.
Big projects on little budgets
Fights over NASA's budget go back for decades. They've mostly focused on the big-ticket item: manned space flight. But as far back as the Mariner and Pioneer programs, NASA was also funding robotic exploration. With the staggering success of the Voyager probes and the failed promise of the Shuttle program—which didn't make going to orbit either cheap or simple—the appeal of robotic exploration was significant.
But Voyagers are what NASA now terms a "flagship program": large, complex, and expensive. As budget constraints continued into the indefinite future, it became increasingly clear that flagship missions were going to be few and far between. NASA started getting interested in simpler and less expensive missions that could still deliver quality science. In the early 1990s, NASA leadership established the Discovery Program, intended for scientists outside of NASA who could deliver a mission within a hard budget cap. By 1997, this funding mechanism sent Mars Pathfinder to the red planet's surface, a mission that included a small rover named Sojourner.
more
http://arstechnica.com/science/2014/01/10-years-of-opportunity-celebrating-the-rovers-role-on-mars-and-earth/
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