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marmar
marmar's Journal
marmar's Journal
September 14, 2022
Why anti-fluoride conspiracy theories have persisted for over 70 years
The political and social forces that spurred anti-fluoride conspiracies seem to have trickled down to the pandemic
By MATTHEW ROZSA
Staff Writer
PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 6:04PM
There are some conspiracy theories that defy traditional ideological classification, and the anti-fluoride theories are among the oldest that still have currency. Though it is well-established that fluoridated water supplies improve dental hygiene, and that communities with fluoridated water are healthier in this regard, fluoride-phobia still runs rampant.
Disgraced right-wing broadcaster Alex Jones, during his heyday, would famously and frequently trumpet his fear of fluoride, specifically saying it had caused his IQ to drop. Scan the conspiracy theory pages on Facebook and Reddit and one will stumble upon innumerable anti-fluoride conversations, large and small. They can be inspired by practically anything, from a grassroots movement in Portland, Ore. to a single post about a 2012 Harvard meta-analysis linking fluoridation to neurological disease (by the researchers' own admission, it relied on studies of varied quality). During the Cold War, anti-fluoride citizens' movements often claimed, falsely, that water fluoridation was a Soviet plot.
There are real-world consequences to these beliefs. Studies from Sweden to the United States have consistently found that fluoride helps prevent dental cavities and tooth decay. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) named community fluoridation one of the great American achievements of the 20th century because of the significant role that it played in leading to mass reduction in cavity rates among children and adults. Cohort studies consistently show that fluoridated water reduces the risk of tooth decay, cavities and tooth loss in both adults and children. However, only 63.4 percent of Americans receive fluoridated water, according to 2018 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data.
....(snip)....
When all is said and done, however, fluoridation has overall been a net gain for public health, even if in certain regions the execution has been faulty. Nicole Johnson, an associate director at the CDC who works in their Division of Oral Health, told Salon by email that fluoridation "has made substantial contributions to narrowing oral health disparities and is a practical, cost-effective, and equitable measure that communities can take to prevent tooth decay and improve residents' oral health."
Given that community fluoridation is such a public health triumph, why do conspiracy theorists still target it? Part of the problem is that the internet is a fertile breeding ground for every type of misinformation out there, with anti-fluoride conspiracy theories being no different. ....................(more)
https://www.salon.com/2022/09/13/why-anti-fluoride-conspiracy-theories-have-persisted-for-over-70-years/
Why anti-fluoride conspiracy theories have persisted for over 70 years
Why anti-fluoride conspiracy theories have persisted for over 70 years
The political and social forces that spurred anti-fluoride conspiracies seem to have trickled down to the pandemic
By MATTHEW ROZSA
Staff Writer
PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 6:04PM
There are some conspiracy theories that defy traditional ideological classification, and the anti-fluoride theories are among the oldest that still have currency. Though it is well-established that fluoridated water supplies improve dental hygiene, and that communities with fluoridated water are healthier in this regard, fluoride-phobia still runs rampant.
Disgraced right-wing broadcaster Alex Jones, during his heyday, would famously and frequently trumpet his fear of fluoride, specifically saying it had caused his IQ to drop. Scan the conspiracy theory pages on Facebook and Reddit and one will stumble upon innumerable anti-fluoride conversations, large and small. They can be inspired by practically anything, from a grassroots movement in Portland, Ore. to a single post about a 2012 Harvard meta-analysis linking fluoridation to neurological disease (by the researchers' own admission, it relied on studies of varied quality). During the Cold War, anti-fluoride citizens' movements often claimed, falsely, that water fluoridation was a Soviet plot.
There are real-world consequences to these beliefs. Studies from Sweden to the United States have consistently found that fluoride helps prevent dental cavities and tooth decay. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) named community fluoridation one of the great American achievements of the 20th century because of the significant role that it played in leading to mass reduction in cavity rates among children and adults. Cohort studies consistently show that fluoridated water reduces the risk of tooth decay, cavities and tooth loss in both adults and children. However, only 63.4 percent of Americans receive fluoridated water, according to 2018 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data.
....(snip)....
When all is said and done, however, fluoridation has overall been a net gain for public health, even if in certain regions the execution has been faulty. Nicole Johnson, an associate director at the CDC who works in their Division of Oral Health, told Salon by email that fluoridation "has made substantial contributions to narrowing oral health disparities and is a practical, cost-effective, and equitable measure that communities can take to prevent tooth decay and improve residents' oral health."
Given that community fluoridation is such a public health triumph, why do conspiracy theorists still target it? Part of the problem is that the internet is a fertile breeding ground for every type of misinformation out there, with anti-fluoride conspiracy theories being no different. ....................(more)
https://www.salon.com/2022/09/13/why-anti-fluoride-conspiracy-theories-have-persisted-for-over-70-years/
September 13, 2022
(Detroit Metro Times) More than 150 Michigan Republicans banded together to launch a group supporting Gov. Gretchen Whitmer’s reelection bid, her campaign announced Monday.
The group includes business leaders, former state lawmakers, an ex-congressman, and top staff from the Republican administrations of Gov. John Engler and Rick Snyder. Jeff Timmer, the former head of the Michigan Republican Party, also signed on.
“We, as Michiganders, know what a great place this state is to live, work, and recreate. We also know we have a bright future,” Bill Parfet, chairman and CEO of Northwood Group, said in a statement. “To reach that future, we all need to work together to revamp education, infrastructure, effective government, job creation, safer communities, vital core cities, and preserving the state’s incredible national resources. We all want the same outcomes.” ......................(more)
https://www.metrotimes.com/news/prominent-republicans-join-coalition-to-support-whitmer-for-reelection-31063447
Prominent Republicans join coalition to support Whitmer for reelection
(Detroit Metro Times) More than 150 Michigan Republicans banded together to launch a group supporting Gov. Gretchen Whitmer’s reelection bid, her campaign announced Monday.
The group includes business leaders, former state lawmakers, an ex-congressman, and top staff from the Republican administrations of Gov. John Engler and Rick Snyder. Jeff Timmer, the former head of the Michigan Republican Party, also signed on.
“We, as Michiganders, know what a great place this state is to live, work, and recreate. We also know we have a bright future,” Bill Parfet, chairman and CEO of Northwood Group, said in a statement. “To reach that future, we all need to work together to revamp education, infrastructure, effective government, job creation, safer communities, vital core cities, and preserving the state’s incredible national resources. We all want the same outcomes.” ......................(more)
https://www.metrotimes.com/news/prominent-republicans-join-coalition-to-support-whitmer-for-reelection-31063447
September 13, 2022
Here's the GOP endgame: Tax-funded schools that teach religion and propaganda, but not literacy, math or history
By AMANDA MARCOTTE
Senior Writer
PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 12, 2022 1:05PM (EDT)
(Salon) Over the weekend, New York Times reporters Eliza Shapiro and Brian Rosenthal published a carefully reported exposé about the private school system run by the Hasidic Jewish community in New York. For decades, this insular community — which largely separates itself from the wider world, including a large majority of Jewish people — has operated its own piecemeal system of religious schools or yeshivas whose goal is "to educate children in Jewish law, prayer and tradition — and to wall them off from the secular world." Students at these gender-segregated schools spend most of their classroom time on religious instruction, leaving them with very little basic education in science, math, history or other skills necessary in the modern world. The inevitable outcome, Shapiro and Rosenthal report, is that many are trapped "in a cycle of joblessness and dependency." At one school mentioned in the article, more than 1,000 students took New York State's standardized reading and math test, and not a single one passed.
Despite these failures, however, Shapiro and Rosenthal write that the schools "have found ways of tapping into enormous sums of government money, collecting more than $1 billion in the past four years alone."
In the social-media enclave of people who care about New York politics, this story got tons of attention, with people expressing understandable concern about misuse of government funds and children being denied the right to an education that is supposed to be guaranteed by the state. Outside the New York area, however, there probably wasn't much public interest. On its surface, this feels like a local not a national problem: The Hasidic community is relatively small (perhaps 200,000 people in all) and the schools in question are only found in Brooklyn and the northern New York suburbs.
Nonetheless, Americans across the country should pay close attention to this story, and should consider its national implications. The same political pressures and flaws in the educational system that allowed this problem to fester in New York are being exploited across the country by conservative activists, nearly all of whom are Christian rather than Jewish. Worse yet, these Christian activists aren't just interested in keeping their own kids away from secular education. They have grander ambitions, and would like to gut the education system as we know it, to make sure that no one's kids can enjoy the right to a free, robust public education. ....................(more)
https://www.salon.com/2022/09/12/upset-by-the-new-york-times-expos-on-hasidic-schools-thats-what-wants-for-all-american-kids/
Upset by New York Times expose on Hasidic schools? That's what GOP wants for all American kids
Upset by New York Times exposé on Hasidic schools? That's what GOP wants for all American kidsHere's the GOP endgame: Tax-funded schools that teach religion and propaganda, but not literacy, math or history
By AMANDA MARCOTTE
Senior Writer
PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 12, 2022 1:05PM (EDT)
(Salon) Over the weekend, New York Times reporters Eliza Shapiro and Brian Rosenthal published a carefully reported exposé about the private school system run by the Hasidic Jewish community in New York. For decades, this insular community — which largely separates itself from the wider world, including a large majority of Jewish people — has operated its own piecemeal system of religious schools or yeshivas whose goal is "to educate children in Jewish law, prayer and tradition — and to wall them off from the secular world." Students at these gender-segregated schools spend most of their classroom time on religious instruction, leaving them with very little basic education in science, math, history or other skills necessary in the modern world. The inevitable outcome, Shapiro and Rosenthal report, is that many are trapped "in a cycle of joblessness and dependency." At one school mentioned in the article, more than 1,000 students took New York State's standardized reading and math test, and not a single one passed.
Despite these failures, however, Shapiro and Rosenthal write that the schools "have found ways of tapping into enormous sums of government money, collecting more than $1 billion in the past four years alone."
In the social-media enclave of people who care about New York politics, this story got tons of attention, with people expressing understandable concern about misuse of government funds and children being denied the right to an education that is supposed to be guaranteed by the state. Outside the New York area, however, there probably wasn't much public interest. On its surface, this feels like a local not a national problem: The Hasidic community is relatively small (perhaps 200,000 people in all) and the schools in question are only found in Brooklyn and the northern New York suburbs.
Nonetheless, Americans across the country should pay close attention to this story, and should consider its national implications. The same political pressures and flaws in the educational system that allowed this problem to fester in New York are being exploited across the country by conservative activists, nearly all of whom are Christian rather than Jewish. Worse yet, these Christian activists aren't just interested in keeping their own kids away from secular education. They have grander ambitions, and would like to gut the education system as we know it, to make sure that no one's kids can enjoy the right to a free, robust public education. ....................(more)
https://www.salon.com/2022/09/12/upset-by-the-new-york-times-expos-on-hasidic-schools-thats-what-wants-for-all-american-kids/
September 12, 2022
Giuliani's descent into a 'sad, pathetic figure' began when he was 'completely humiliated' in 2008: biographer
Appearing on MSNBC's "Morning Joe," the author of "Giuliani: The Rise and Tragic Fall of America’s Mayor,” explained that the man once known as "America's Mayor" began his long descent into the beaten man facing an avalanche of lawsuits and criminal investigation due to his relationship with Donald Trump.
Speaking with the hosts, Andrew Kirtzman claimed Rudy Giuliani left his job as New York City mayor seeking to cash in and to remain relevant -- and both of those goals led to his eventual demise.
In an op-ed on Saturday, Kirtzman wrote that "the man of law and order, famed for his rectitude as United States attorney for the Southern District of New York in the 1980s, is a subject of investigations in Georgia and Washington, D.C. Both center on deeply cynical actions to upend the 2020 election results."
The author then added that these probes "reveal a corruption of character, triggered by a succession of moral compromises over the years undertaken to maintain the power and money that he’d grown accustomed to after Sept. 11." .............(more)
https://www.rawstory.com/rudy-giuliani-2658197739/
Giuliani's descent into a 'sad, pathetic figure' began when he was 'completely humiliated' in 2008
Giuliani's descent into a 'sad, pathetic figure' began when he was 'completely humiliated' in 2008: biographer
Appearing on MSNBC's "Morning Joe," the author of "Giuliani: The Rise and Tragic Fall of America’s Mayor,” explained that the man once known as "America's Mayor" began his long descent into the beaten man facing an avalanche of lawsuits and criminal investigation due to his relationship with Donald Trump.
Speaking with the hosts, Andrew Kirtzman claimed Rudy Giuliani left his job as New York City mayor seeking to cash in and to remain relevant -- and both of those goals led to his eventual demise.
In an op-ed on Saturday, Kirtzman wrote that "the man of law and order, famed for his rectitude as United States attorney for the Southern District of New York in the 1980s, is a subject of investigations in Georgia and Washington, D.C. Both center on deeply cynical actions to upend the 2020 election results."
The author then added that these probes "reveal a corruption of character, triggered by a succession of moral compromises over the years undertaken to maintain the power and money that he’d grown accustomed to after Sept. 11." .............(more)
https://www.rawstory.com/rudy-giuliani-2658197739/
September 12, 2022
(Salon) After Donald Trump won the White House in 2016, a slew of political operatives came and went throughout his presidency, including permanent and "acting" Cabinet appointments, West Wing aides and advisers, and any number of administrative officials. Trump eventually secured, as far as possible, a group of folks around him who either agreed with him or would always defer to him if they did not.
Two of the most influential and trusted figures behind Trump and Trumpism were Steve. Bannon and Stephen Miller. Together, they wrote much of Trump's 2017 State of the Union address to Congress. They influenced and shaped policy, and helped Trump stoke white voters' resentment toward immigrants, Muslims, Black Lives Matter protesters, cancel culture, "wokeness" and the teaching of critical race theory.
Bannon the "tactician" and Miller the "hatemonger" were the twin oracles behind economic nationalism and the America First ideology with its range of combative and odious techniques. Bannon certainly can take as much credit as anybody for Trump's 2016 Electoral College victory as well as for the Capitol insurrection in January 2021. Before there was Trumpism, there was a barely visible subterranean political movement both at home and abroad that we might call Bannonism.
....(snip)....
But it now appears that the Department of Justice could be working its way circuitously toward a criminal indictment of Stephen Miller for a variety of felonies, including seditious conspiracy. If my speculation here is correct, Miller may become even more infamous than Bannon is. The former speechwriter and policy wonk, in my judgment, is more likely to be the one who ultimately flips and fingers the former president for multiple crimes.
This has to do with procedural differences between the select committee's investigation of Jan. 6 and the DOJ's grand jury investigation of Trump's Save America PAC. Unlike in the former investigation, where Miller invoked "executive privilege," in the latter investigation he would have to invoke the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid testifying. ...........(more)
https://www.salon.com/2022/09/12/stephen-miller-now-a-target-of-doj-investigation--will-he-be-the-one-to-flip-on-trump/
Stephen Miller now a target of DOJ investigation -- will he be the one to flip on Trump?
(Salon) After Donald Trump won the White House in 2016, a slew of political operatives came and went throughout his presidency, including permanent and "acting" Cabinet appointments, West Wing aides and advisers, and any number of administrative officials. Trump eventually secured, as far as possible, a group of folks around him who either agreed with him or would always defer to him if they did not.
Two of the most influential and trusted figures behind Trump and Trumpism were Steve. Bannon and Stephen Miller. Together, they wrote much of Trump's 2017 State of the Union address to Congress. They influenced and shaped policy, and helped Trump stoke white voters' resentment toward immigrants, Muslims, Black Lives Matter protesters, cancel culture, "wokeness" and the teaching of critical race theory.
Bannon the "tactician" and Miller the "hatemonger" were the twin oracles behind economic nationalism and the America First ideology with its range of combative and odious techniques. Bannon certainly can take as much credit as anybody for Trump's 2016 Electoral College victory as well as for the Capitol insurrection in January 2021. Before there was Trumpism, there was a barely visible subterranean political movement both at home and abroad that we might call Bannonism.
....(snip)....
But it now appears that the Department of Justice could be working its way circuitously toward a criminal indictment of Stephen Miller for a variety of felonies, including seditious conspiracy. If my speculation here is correct, Miller may become even more infamous than Bannon is. The former speechwriter and policy wonk, in my judgment, is more likely to be the one who ultimately flips and fingers the former president for multiple crimes.
This has to do with procedural differences between the select committee's investigation of Jan. 6 and the DOJ's grand jury investigation of Trump's Save America PAC. Unlike in the former investigation, where Miller invoked "executive privilege," in the latter investigation he would have to invoke the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid testifying. ...........(more)
https://www.salon.com/2022/09/12/stephen-miller-now-a-target-of-doj-investigation--will-he-be-the-one-to-flip-on-trump/
September 11, 2022
(Guardian UK) Donald Trump’s non-stop drive to paint the FBI raid on Mar-a-Lago to recover classified documents as a political witch hunt is drawing rebukes from ex-justice department and FBI officials who warn such attacks can spur violence and pose a real threat to the physical safety of law enforcement.
But the concerns have not deterred Republican House minority leader Kevin McCarthy and other Trump allies from making inflammatory remarks echoing the former US president.
The unrelenting attacks by Trump and loyalists such as McCarthy, senator Lindsey Graham, Steve Bannon and false conspiracy theorist Alex Jones against law enforcement have continued despite strong evidence that Trump kept hundreds of classified documents illegally.
Before the 8 August raid, Trump and his attorneys stonewalled FBI and US National Archives requests for the return of all classified documents and did not fully comply with a grand jury subpoena in a criminal probe of Trump’s hoarding of government documents. ..........(more)
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/sep/11/trump-mar-a-lago-witch-hunt-fbi-doj-safety
Trump's increasing tirade against FBI and DoJ endangering lives of officials
(Guardian UK) Donald Trump’s non-stop drive to paint the FBI raid on Mar-a-Lago to recover classified documents as a political witch hunt is drawing rebukes from ex-justice department and FBI officials who warn such attacks can spur violence and pose a real threat to the physical safety of law enforcement.
But the concerns have not deterred Republican House minority leader Kevin McCarthy and other Trump allies from making inflammatory remarks echoing the former US president.
The unrelenting attacks by Trump and loyalists such as McCarthy, senator Lindsey Graham, Steve Bannon and false conspiracy theorist Alex Jones against law enforcement have continued despite strong evidence that Trump kept hundreds of classified documents illegally.
Before the 8 August raid, Trump and his attorneys stonewalled FBI and US National Archives requests for the return of all classified documents and did not fully comply with a grand jury subpoena in a criminal probe of Trump’s hoarding of government documents. ..........(more)
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/sep/11/trump-mar-a-lago-witch-hunt-fbi-doj-safety
September 9, 2022
(Guardian UK) On the night of the 2018 midterm elections, as a wave of anti-Trump sentiment swept Democrats to take control of the House, top Republican Mitt Romney urged Joe Biden to run for president.
“You have to run,” said Romney, the Republican presidential nominee Biden and Barack Obama defeated in 2012, speaking to the former vice-president by phone.
The same night, Romney was elected a US senator from Utah, a post from which he would twice vote to convict Donald Trump in impeachment trials.
Romney’s exhortation to a man then seen as a likely challenger to Donald Trump in 2020 will probably further enrage the former president, his supporters and the Republican party they dominate. ..............(more)
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/sep/09/mitt-romney-joe-biden-trump-book-obama-debenedetti
'You have to run': Romney urged Biden to take down Trump, book says
(Guardian UK) On the night of the 2018 midterm elections, as a wave of anti-Trump sentiment swept Democrats to take control of the House, top Republican Mitt Romney urged Joe Biden to run for president.
“You have to run,” said Romney, the Republican presidential nominee Biden and Barack Obama defeated in 2012, speaking to the former vice-president by phone.
The same night, Romney was elected a US senator from Utah, a post from which he would twice vote to convict Donald Trump in impeachment trials.
Romney’s exhortation to a man then seen as a likely challenger to Donald Trump in 2020 will probably further enrage the former president, his supporters and the Republican party they dominate. ..............(more)
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/sep/09/mitt-romney-joe-biden-trump-book-obama-debenedetti
September 9, 2022
(Detroit Metro Times) High-profile initiatives to amend the state constitution to affirm abortion rights and extend voting access must appear on the November ballot, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled on Thursday.
The state’s high court ordered the initiatives to appear on the ballot, saying that Republicans on the Michigan Board of Canvassers erred when they refused to certify the ballot initiatives.
Canvassers deadlocked on certifying the ballot initiatives Wednesday, with the two Republican members voting against them.
....(snip)....
Democratic canvassers and attorneys for the Reproductive Freedom for All initiative said Republicans had no basis for rejecting certification.
The Michigan Supreme Court agreed. ...............(more)
https://www.metrotimes.com/news/michigan-supreme-court-orders-abortion-rights-voting-access-initiatives-on-ballot-31033465
Michigan Supreme Court orders abortion rights, voting access initiatives on ballot
(Detroit Metro Times) High-profile initiatives to amend the state constitution to affirm abortion rights and extend voting access must appear on the November ballot, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled on Thursday.
The state’s high court ordered the initiatives to appear on the ballot, saying that Republicans on the Michigan Board of Canvassers erred when they refused to certify the ballot initiatives.
Canvassers deadlocked on certifying the ballot initiatives Wednesday, with the two Republican members voting against them.
....(snip)....
Democratic canvassers and attorneys for the Reproductive Freedom for All initiative said Republicans had no basis for rejecting certification.
The Michigan Supreme Court agreed. ...............(more)
https://www.metrotimes.com/news/michigan-supreme-court-orders-abortion-rights-voting-access-initiatives-on-ballot-31033465
September 9, 2022
(Detroit Free Press) Tiny spaces and cries of gibberish are not enough to derail an effort to explicitly enshrine abortion rights in the Michigan Constitution, according to a ruling issued Thursday by the state's highest court.
The ruling, the court's first dealing at all with abortion since the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the national constitutional right to an abortion afforded under Roe v. Wade, means Michiganders will have the chance to amend the state Constitution when they cast their ballots this fall.
By a 5-2 decision, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled the Board of State Canvassers must certify a proposed constitutional amendment despite the alleged typographical issues. Chief Justice Bridget McCormack chastised board members and abortion rights opponents who suggested the space between words in a measure that garnered more than 750,000 signatures should be a fatal flaw. .............(more)
https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/2022/09/08/abortion-amendment-must-appear-on-ballot-michigan-supreme-court/65590156007/
Michigan Supreme Court: Abortion amendment must appear on ballot
(Detroit Free Press) Tiny spaces and cries of gibberish are not enough to derail an effort to explicitly enshrine abortion rights in the Michigan Constitution, according to a ruling issued Thursday by the state's highest court.
The ruling, the court's first dealing at all with abortion since the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the national constitutional right to an abortion afforded under Roe v. Wade, means Michiganders will have the chance to amend the state Constitution when they cast their ballots this fall.
By a 5-2 decision, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled the Board of State Canvassers must certify a proposed constitutional amendment despite the alleged typographical issues. Chief Justice Bridget McCormack chastised board members and abortion rights opponents who suggested the space between words in a measure that garnered more than 750,000 signatures should be a fatal flaw. .............(more)
https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/2022/09/08/abortion-amendment-must-appear-on-ballot-michigan-supreme-court/65590156007/
September 8, 2022
(Detroit News) COVID-19 booster shots with added protection against omicron variants are available in Michigan starting this week, the state health department announced Wednesday.
The boosters are made by Pfizer and Moderna and have been authorized for emergency use by the Food and Drug Administration. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended their use.
Individuals aged 12 and older can receive the Pfizer booster; the Moderna booster is available for adults. The boosters must be administered a minimum of two months after an individual's primary vaccination or most recent booster shot. Individuals can receive either shot, regardless of whether or not their primary vaccines or other boosters are Moderna or Pfizer. ..........................(more)
https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2022/09/07/updated-covid-19-booster-available-michigan/8018907001/
Updated COVID-19 booster available in Michigan
(Detroit News) COVID-19 booster shots with added protection against omicron variants are available in Michigan starting this week, the state health department announced Wednesday.
The boosters are made by Pfizer and Moderna and have been authorized for emergency use by the Food and Drug Administration. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended their use.
Individuals aged 12 and older can receive the Pfizer booster; the Moderna booster is available for adults. The boosters must be administered a minimum of two months after an individual's primary vaccination or most recent booster shot. Individuals can receive either shot, regardless of whether or not their primary vaccines or other boosters are Moderna or Pfizer. ..........................(more)
https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2022/09/07/updated-covid-19-booster-available-michigan/8018907001/
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