The world’s largest semiconductor manufacturers—Intel, Samsung, and the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC)—have all announced plans to build new chip factories in the US. Everyone is bragging about those plans: American lawmakers say bringing chip manufacturing back onto US soil will strengthen national security, while the chip makers, chastened by this year’s disastrous semiconductor shortage, are diversifying their supply chains to avoid future crises.

But there’s one problem: Who will pay?

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To ratchet up the pressure on US lawmakers, Intel has threatened to scrap plans to build two Arizona chip plants unless Congress passes the CHIPS Act promising $52 billion in subsidies for domestic semiconductor manufacturing. The bill is currently stalled in the House. “We aren’t going to be able to do that without CHIPS funding,” Intel government relations head Al Thompson told Bloomberg.

TSMC made similar threats before breaking ground on a new $12 billion plant in Arizona, which it intends to fund, in part, with money from the CHIPS Act. “Subsidies will be a key factor in TSMC’s decision to set up a fab in the US,” TSMC chairman Mark Liu told Bloomberg in 2020. “Our request is that the state and federal governments together make up for the cost gap between the US and Taiwan.”

Samsung has made its own plans for a new cutting-edge $17 billion factory in the US contingent on subsidies. The company tentatively named Arizona, New York, and Texas as potential sites for the new factory. But in a June regulatory filing with the Texas comptroller’s office, Samsung made clear that tax breaks are “a determining factor” in its location decision. If Texas doesn’t cough up satisfactory tax breaks, Samsung wrote, “the company would likely locate the project in Arizona, New York, or [South] Korea.”