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It explicity states that being away for service to the United States or Illinois/Chicago shall not be deemed as violating the residency rules.
If you're chosen by the people to serve Illinois or Chicago, you might have to be out of state. If the US Army sends you out of state, you're not in violation.
What throws a wrench in the works is if you voluntarily leave the state for a job that can be seen as service to the US or the state. It strikes me that the restricted construction--elected office, military service, a number of other things in which the person's volition is subject to the people or the government--is handily defensible and constitutes a kind of unintended absence, one that is either at the behest of the people or required by the people's representative.
Leaving voluntarily, though, makes it a fuzzy rule to apply. If I go to work for the CIA for 30 years but "always intend to return," even have a house that I rent out, I've gone to work for an employer. But it's not the people's will; nor is it required by virtue of service to the government, as it would be in the military--but even with the military it used to be clearer. Working for the government is just a job for most people. They apply, they're interviewed, they leave when something better comes along or when a better candidate is found.
Now, if you're drafted, under the law or nearly so--say you're a talented interpreter of Pashtu whose talents the NSA requires and can't find elsewhere--it's arguable that it's service under this statute. But otherwise, the difference between taking a job as a clerk for the Supreme Court or for the Social Security administration, the difference between being a translator for the CIA or a janitor is trivial. You do it not because you're required to do it, nor because the people have so willed. You do it as a job. Even if it's chief of staff for the president, you get neither a pass from the electorate nor cover by virtue of the involuntary nature of the position. You leave because you want to leave, because that's where your job is.
Now, if Rahm has left because his service to the government counts under this statute, the same can be said of a lot of people that left for jobs working for the government. Or who took jobs that is of service "to the United States." You design satellites or microchips, you help enforce customs or negotiate trade deals, you work not as an embassy employee but in the Peace Corps or even as a English teacher in W. Kenya to help raise the level of esteem and respect for the United States (which, after all, is a vital mission for US national security) then you, too, are like Rahm.
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