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U.S. Code, Title 10, Subtitle A....etc. The strength of the Army (and all of DoD) is fixed by Congress - "It's the Law!". The total authorized strength of the Army has remained at about 480,000 since Fiscal Year 1999. The force was downsized in 1989 (...let's see, who was President that year?...Oh, it was...uh, never mind.).
To add additional troops, literally, takes an act of Congress. This is not a new law, its been around for quite a while. Ever wonder why the military outsourced cooks, gate guards, construction, etc - it was to make more room for guys that pull triggers. Outsourced people are not counted as part of the authorized strength.
It ain't easy increasing the authorized strength. The bean counters on the Hill take a crack at the cost of each additional person, unit, etc. This is the correct thing to do. Corporations do it everyday, but they add in an ROI calculation that the feds do not. The fed bean counters factor in the costs of training, equipping, paying, and MEDICAL!!, and RETIREMENT!!!, and BENEFITS!!! to come up the true cost of the authorized strength. When you bring someone into the military you are making certain promises to him that will be costed into the next several decades. It ain't pretty.
The good news, for one side of the aisle at least, is that we can have a bigger military quite easily. The sky's the limit because that cost is paid for by deficit spending; and we all know that expense is absolutely meaningless. It "doesn't matter". Respected economists said so. Lemme see, what did they call it?..oh, yeah, "Nonsense" and "Rubinomics" (Glenn Hubbard Chairman of Bush's Council of Economic Advisors, Wall St. Journal, 12/17/02).
That's not the whole story, but it's a good answer.
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