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Assuming you haven't taken it to the shop yet...
You unhooked the battery cables, moved them around some and put them back on. Now the car won't crank.
Crank is different from start. Start is when the engine begins to run, and the car does that--you proved it yourself. Crank is when the starter motor runs.
Since all you've touched is the battery, it has to be that.
What I THINK happened, and this will be real easy to prove, is that the starter-wire connection at the battery clamp has gone bad. This happens, it's nothing to be ashamed of, but you've probably got a nice thick film of oxide or corrosion between the starter wire and the battery clamp. The oxide was passing current while it was undisturbed, but once you moved the clamp you disturbed it and fucked the whole thing up.
To prove this to yourself, go pop the hood and look at the battery. There are two wires coming out of the positive battery clamp. One goes to the alternator, which is at the front of the engine. The other is the starter wire and that goes to the back of the engine. Follow the starter wire down to the starter--it looks like a big cylinder with a small cylinder attached to the side of it. The small cylinder--the starter solenoid, or bendix if you're an old fart--has two bolts and a push-on connector. One bolt has the wire going to the battery under it. One has the wire going into the starter under it. The push-on connector goes to your keyswitch. (The push-on connector wire is where the neutral safety and clutch safety switches are connected. This isn't your problem.)
Start by chocking the wheels, putting the transmission in neutral, setting the parking brakes, shoving it up against a wall, pushing two cars against it, anything it takes to make damn good and sure your car will not move when you do this. Crawl under your car with your jumper cables and hook a red clamp to the bolt that has the battery wire hooked to it. Make sure it's not touching anything else. Once you're hooked up, have someone else hook the other red clamp to the positive post on your battery. Then have him try to start your car. It should crank right up. You've given the electricity a guaranteed-good way to get from the battery to the starter, so now it should work just fine. You can keep on doing this--the only time the starter needs electricity is when you're trying to start the car--but you don't want to.
Once you know the car cranks, and it should, there are a couple ways to fix it. The cheapest way is to go to an auto parts place and buy a new battery clamp for two dollars. Cut both wires off the old positive clamp AFTER unhooking the negative cable from your battery. Strip back the insulation about 3/4" on both wires. If your cables are like everyone else's in the entire world, both cables will be full of green shit. This is just oxidized copper, no big deal. Use an old toothbrush, a copper wire toothbrush or something like that to get all that green shit out of there. Put a little multipurpose grease on the two wires and bolt them into the new clamp, then hook your battery back up.
And while we're at it...you DID handle that new bulb with a tissue or something so that you wouldn't touch the glass, right? If you didn't, you better take the battery back out, pull the bulb, clean it with rubbing alcohol and put it back in. Any skin oil on a halogen bulb will make it overheat where the oil is, and the bulb will eventually explode.
Every era has its own mysticisms. In this era we have Auto Electric.
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