as long as the sentence is within the range set forth in the sentencing guidelines, it is generally presumed to be an appropriate sentence. Whether the process is a good one or not, one of the reasons appellate courts are reluctant to reverse lower court sentencing decisions is precisely because the sentencing judge has the opportunity to observe the individual's demeanor. If the sentencing judge perceives that the individual is acting like a smug SOB who believes s/he has gotten away with something, the judge is likely to impose a harsher sentence - and that's part of the judicial system currently works that I would hope Carlos' attorney explained to him ahead of time. (I don't know how Carlos carried himself in court - but it sounds as if that was the judge's perception.) The maximum sentence for resisting arrest without violence is 1 year in jail. Carlos got one year on probation - less than the maximum. On appeal, generally unless the appellate court determines that the judge took leave of his senses on the bench, they don't disturb sentences. I would be very surprised to see it decreased on appeal.
It sounds as if your cousin might benefit from the same kind of information - my brother was a master at gaming the system, and almost always managed to spend the minimum amount of time under penal control (over and over again). Not really the best way to run things, but it is an unfortunate reality. Until it changes - and I'm not holding my breath - everyone trapped in it should know how the system works so they can make informed decisions as to whether to play the game or not. Sometimes the principle is important - and when it is I (personally) might not show remorse (or whatever else the judge expects) - but rather would stand on that principle as long, as I was willing to accept the consequences. Other times, I choose to play the game, since there are more important battles to be fought and accepting the consequences would keep me from more important principles. I'm not making any judgment on the choices Carlos made - I'm just hoping that he was made aware of the likely consequences by his counsel (which would include the judge potentially not accepting the recommendation of the prosecutor) and that Carlos deliberately chose to accept the consequences for the sake of making a principled stand.
Back to the appeal, though, apparently the resisting arrest statute is a problem in Florida
(
http://www.floridafirearmslaw.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=CTGY&Store_Code=FFL&Category_Code=Resisting-Arrest-Battery-On-An-Officer-Florida ) - perhaps some appellate panel will decide it is a good case to make a point with.