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January 27, 2006 | EPI Issue Brief #219
Why people are so dissatisfied with today's economy
by Lee Price
In recent weeks, incumbent politicians have bragged about growth in gross domestic product, jobs, and pay and touted declines in unemployment. Yet a January 12 Gallup poll found that 55% of Americans rate the economy as only "fair" or "poor," and that 52% believe the economy is getting worse. It will not come as a surprise to these Americans that the Commerce Department reported today that, in the fourth quarter of 2005, GDP grew by a tepid 1.1% and the wage and salary growth rate was 1.7%.
The following set of questions and answers provides insight into the public's dissatisfaction with the economy despite the seemingly positive numbers that often get the most attention.
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Declining wage gains
Don't rising health care costs explain why wages have not done well?
No, labor market slack has caused both pay and employer benefit costs to rise more slowly. Data on employers wage and benefit costs show that over the last year, wage and salary income per hour rose by 2.3%, the slowest year-over-year rate on record. That compares to a gain of 2.9% two years earlier. Over the most recent year, benefit costs (including employer-paid health insurance) rose 5.1%, down from 6.5% two years earlier (Figure F). As a result, growth in total compensation slowed from 3.9% to 3.1%. Because of the acceleration in inflation over that period, inflation-adjusted compensation declined by 1.5% over the last year in contrast to a 1.5% gain two years earlier. That fact, plus the fact that increases in profits are running multiple times the increase in employer health care costs, makes clear that the squeeze on wages is coming from profits and not from health care costs.
http://www.epi.org/content.cfm/ib219Wages
Last month, Treasury Secretary John Snow noted that real (inflation-adjusted) wages had risen 1.1% since March 2001 in contrast to the 2.1% decline in wages over a comparable period of the 1990s business cycle. Aren't wages doing pretty well?
The slack in the labor market has taken a toll on pay gains. While the Treasury data are accurate, they give the misleading impression that wages are doing well in this cycle. In fact, real wages fell by 0.5% over the last 12 months after falling 0.7% the previous 12 months. Because of the momentum of real wage growth from the tight labor market of the late 1990s, real wages actually continued to grow during the recession that began in March and ended in November 2001. Since then, however, they have fallen slightly (Figure C).
The decline in inflation-adjusted pay has been the largest for lower and middle-income employees. For example, workers at the 20th percentile of the income scale suffered a 0.8% decline in real pay. Only the highest wage employees enjoyed pay gains that outpaced inflation—those in the 95th percentile of wages had gains last year of 0.8% (Figure D).
http://www.epi.org/content.cfm/ib219The state of jobs and wages
Lee Price and Jared Bernstein
Economy up, wages down
The year 2005 was a solid economic year by some indicators, as the economy expanded for the fourth consecutive year. Real hourly wages, however, fell for most workers.
Each bar in Figure A and Figure B represents the percent change in the buying power of the wage for different groups of workers. Figure A shows the real wage changes of low-, middle-, and high-wage workers, corresponding to wages at the tenth, fiftieth, and ninety-fifth percentile of the wage scale. Figure B shows the change in average real wages by education level for high-school and college graduates (four-year degrees).
For low- and middle-wage workers, as well as those with a high school degree, real wages fell last year by 1%-2%. Those at the top of the wage scale experienced marginal gains, and real wages were essentially unchanged for college graduates.
The decline in real wages for these groups of workers was the result of a variety of factors. As shown in an earlier analysis, nominal wage growth slowed over the past few years as the slack in the job market ultimately slowed the momentum coming out of the full-employment job market of the latter 1990s. Inflation was also a factor last year, as energy costs drove prices higher (on average for the year, inflation was up 2.7% in 2004 and 3.4% in 2005). Thus, nominal wages needed to grow that much faster to beat price growth.
Other factors contributing to the decline in real wages are those that reduce the bargaining leverage of many in the workforce, including: the erosion of union power, the fall in the real value of the minimum wage, the growing imbalance in international trade, and the offshoring of white-collar jobs. As long as these forces are in play, the headwinds pushing against real wage gains for many in the workforce will remain strong.
http://www.jobwatch.org/More Children are Uninsured
September 27, 2006
By Elise Gould
The rate of uninsured children in the United States has increased for the first time in seven years, from 10.8% in 2004 to 11.2% in 2005. From 2004 to 2005, the number of uninsured children grew by 361,000 to a total of 8.3 million uninsured children.
Children have experienced declines in employer-provided health insurance in each of the past five years, but public health insurance programs—Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)—have offset this trend, preventing many children from becoming uninsured when their employment-based benefits were lost. But in 2005, this phenomenon reversed as fewer children were insured by either employer-provided or publicly provided health insurance (see Figure).
Children experienced declines in employer-provided health insurance coverage of 5.1 percentage points in the last five years. In 2000, 65.6% of children had employer-provided coverage, whereas in 2005 only 60.5% did. While the number of children insured by Medicaid or SCHIP increased from 2000 to 2004, 184,000 fewer children (nearly 1%) had Medicaid or SCHIP in 2005 than in 2004.
The weakening of the public safety net combined with the continued erosion in employer-provided coverage is pushing more children off the rolls of the insured.
http://www.epi.org/content.cfm?id=2501