“Ideologue” is defined by Webster as “an often
blindly partisan advocate or adherent of a particular ideology.” The key word in that
definition is “blindly”. There is generally nothing wrong with ideology per se, which is
defined simply as “a systematic body of concepts especially about human life or culture”.
But a more ominous potential for ideology is suggested by Wikipedia, which
describes it as “a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of that society.”
Thus ideologies, like most things, can be good or bad for society, and they can be utilized for good or for evil purposes. It all depends on how the particular ideology was formed, as well as the motives behind it. If the formation of an ideology is based on a careful and valid assessment of a comprehensive body of research, and if the motive behind it is the benefit of humankind, then it can be quite useful in facilitating the creation of a better society.
On the other hand, in the hands of ideologues, ideologies can be quite harmful. And actually, the definition of ideologue as a
blindly partisan advocate does not provide enough discredit to most ideologues. It seems highly doubtful that ideologues choose their ideologies
blindly. What they do is choose their ideologies with wanton disregard for evidence. But their choice is not blind. To the contrary, the choice of ideology by an ideologue is rarely without motive. And their motives (whether conscious or not) usually serve to rationalize – or justify – particular behaviors or policies.
Therefore, a fuller and more accurate definition of an ideologue would be a person who creates or advocates a particular ideology, without regard for evidence to support the
purported purpose of the ideology, with the
real purpose of justifying his/her behavior or policies that are meant to advance his/her interests.
The purpose of this post is to discuss the motives behind such ideologies, and how they can produce disastrous effects upon our society. I believe that this is an especially important issue today, since many of our right wing leaders have infused our society with toxic ideologies which have had and which are likely to continue to have catastrophic effects on us unless we the American people learn to recognize those ideologies for what they are and take the necessary measures to combat them, and to regard them with the contempt that they deserve. I will give four examples of these ideologies.
But first I wish to thank and acknowledge Jackpine Radical for inspiring this post with
his comment to
my recent post, where he argued that George W. Bush is driven by self-aggrandizement and greed rather than by any ideology. Unable to argue that Bush is not a “self-aggrandizing greed-head”, as Jackpine Radical put it, I gave the matter much thought before I figured out how to conceptualize the strong relationship between self-aggrandizing greed and various right-wing ideologies.
The ideology of White SupremacyI’ll start with a very obvious example. Racism has many causes, but I will discuss just one here: One very prominent
initial cause of the ideology of White Supremacy in the United States was the justification of slavery. The wealth of southern plantation owners in the original British colonies and pre-Civil War 18th and 19th Century United States of America depended greatly on the institution of slavery.
How could slave owners justify their ownership of slaves in a nation that was purportedly
committed to the idea that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, (and) that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”? And worse yet from the point of view of the slave owners, the nation which they joined stipulated that governments derive their powers “from the consent of the governed” and that whenever government becomes destructive of the unalienable Rights that we proclaimed, “it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government…” In other words, the founding document of our nation contained an open invitation to our slaves to abolish their government if they believed that their condition as slaves was destructive of their unalienable Rights…. UNLESS it could be successfully argued that they were not fully human.
Consequently, the Southern slave owners put a tremendous amount of time and energy into justifying the ideology of White Supremacy – which essentially meant the dehumanization of their African slaves, as well as of all other members of that race. And worse yet, dehumanization served to justify not only slavery itself, but cruel and abusive treatment of the slaves.
Recognizing that any discussion of their cause would serve to discredit it, in 1836 the Southern slaveholders instituted the infamous “
gag rule” in the U.S. House of Representatives, stipulating that “Petitions involving slavery would be automatically tabled, without any reference to committee, without any printing, without any member’s having to make a tabling motion, and without any response”. But, as described by William Lee Miller in his wonderful book, “
Arguing About Slavery – John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle in the United States Congress”, there was great opposition to the gag rule in the U.S. House, led primarily by ex-President and then current U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts, John Quincy Adams, who took every opportunity to challenge the doctrine of White Supremacy on the House floor:
Gentlemen of the South… Why will you not discuss this question?... If you are so firm, so confident, so immovably resolute, why will you not speak?... Show us the blessings of this institution. Give us your reasons…. Perhaps we shall come round…
If this House decides that it will not receive petitions from slaves, under any circumstances, it will cause the name of this country to be enrolled among the first of the barbarous nations… When you establish the doctrine that a slave shall not petition because he is a slave, that he shall not be permitted to raise the cry for mercy, you let in a principle subversive of every foundation of liberty, and you cannot tell where it will stop.
John Adams and his fellow Congressmen devoted to fighting the doctrine of White Supremacy eventually prevailed. Miller sums up why and how they prevailed, as I describe in
this post:
The slave-holders saw all that petitioning and arguing as a potentially dangerous enemy, and they … over-responded, and by that revealing over-response, they inadvertently strengthened the position they opposed. They gave Adams and others the evidence and the occasion to dramatize the conflict between slavery and the core American ideals of civil liberty; they provided Adams the opportunity to show both the intransigence and the imperialism – that is, the willingness to reach an imperious hand into…. what a public would begin to see and fear as the slave power.
I believe that there is a great lesson to be learned from this story: The toxic ideologies of the ideologues cannot withstand the light of day. The best way to expose it and defeat it is to force them to talk about it.
Our nation has come a long ways since John Quincy Adams’ time towards discrediting the toxic ideology of White Supremacy. But lest anyone believe that it has been totally discredited in this country, consider the large bronze markers at Fort Jackson, Louisiana, which honor Leander Perez for his “dedicated service to the people of Plaque-mines Parish, the State and the Nation, all marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude”. In fact, Leander Perez was a White Supremacist, whose plaque should have described him as (as noted by James W. Loewen in his recent book, “
Lies Across America – What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong”):
A proponent of white supremacy, he helped keep public schools… segregated and unequal until court orders forced their desegregation… He blighted the lives of African Americans in the parish by keeping them from voting and enjoying equal rights…
Loewen describes in his book misleading monuments of this sort all across the Southern U.S. landscape and notes that “no anti-racist white is honored today anywhere on public land in Mississippi.”
Radical free market ideology A less obvious example is the radical free market ideologues, who argue that government has no right to intervene in the economic life of our nation – that instead, all economic transactions should be determined by the so-called “free market”. Consequently, they are against any government services for the poor or middle class, any progressive taxation, and any government regulation that impinges upon their own unfettered efforts to accumulate profits. However, they have no objection to the promulgation by the U.S. government of a monetary system, infrastructure, laws, institutions, and subsidies, which promote a system that safeguards private property, facilitates business transactions, and enables corporations to make their profits.
Their rationale for their complete faith in their version of a “free market” system is that it is completely fair and it works out best for everyone because the wealth accumulation that the system facilitates eventually “trickles down” to everyone – or at least to everyone who deserves it. In point of fact, there is no evidence for either of those assertions. This is just another ideology created by the wealthy to justify their aggressive efforts to develop and maintain a legal framework that serves to increase their own wealth at the expense of everyone else, while severely limiting the opportunity of the vast majority of their fellow countrymen to similarly improve their economic status. In order to believe that the right wing ideologues have it right, you’d have to believe that the following are fair or beneficial to most Americans:
Corporations
http://www.google.com/search%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3Dcorporation%2Bpollute%2Band%2Bfail%2Bto%2Bclean%2Bup%26btnG%3DSearch&sa=X&oi=print&ct=result&cd=3#PPA67,M1">polluting our environment and then leaving it to the taxpayers to pay for the clean-up
Allowing a few wealthy corporation to
monopolize the “public” airways The unfettered persistence of monopolies in general
Private corporations contracting with government to manage our nation’s public health for profit
Private corporations contracting with government to
manage our prison system for profit
Private corporations contracting with government to manage our national
elections for profit No government “meddling” with unemployment by creating jobs
No government efforts to help the poor afford an education
No government efforts to alleviate childhood hunger, illness or homelessness
No restrictions on the “free market” use of campaign contributions to
influence the decisions of our elected officials
A
431 to 1 income ratio between the average CEO and the average employee
Our second greatest President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, recognized the game that these ideologues played and the harm they did to our national life, and he spoke about them in a
speech at the 1936 Democratic National Convention, referring to them as “economic royalists”. Here is a brief excerpt from his classic speech:
Out of this modern civilization economic royalists carved new dynasties…. The privileged princes of these new economic dynasties, thirsting for power, reached out for control over Government itself. They created a new despotism and wrapped it in the robes of legal sanction. In its service new mercenaries sought to regiment the people, their labor, and their property. And as a result the average man once more confronts the problem that faced the Minute Man.
“Neoconservative” ideologyNeoconservative ideology is specified in a document titled “
Rebuilding America’s Defenses”, sponsored by the “
Project for a New American Century” (PNAC). The ideology specified in that document is that United States of America has the right to and must use its vastly superior military to promote its “interests” and “principles” – not as a last resort, but preemptively, whenever we believe that another nation might emerge as a “competitor”. Historically, that ideology is called imperialism. Consider the following:
The primary theme of “Rebuilding America’s Defenses” is that our military must be much stronger than the militaries of any nation or combination of nations that might oppose our ambitions. Why is that so important? Because we need to “shape a new century favorable to American principles and interests”; we need to “boldly and purposefully promote American principles abroad”; without such a military we might lack the capability to maintain an “order that is uniquely friendly to American principles and prosperity”; and more specifically, we now have new “missions” which require “defending American interests in the Persian Gulf and Middle East” (This was written before the Bush administration publicly expressed any interest in invading Iraq and even before the 9-11 attacks on our country).
And how are we to protect and defend all those interests? Well, the document notes that “there are, however, potentially powerful states dissatisfied with the current situation and eager to change it….” Therefore, we must “deter the rise of a new great-power competitor”. And we must do this by “deterring or, when needed, by
compelling regional foes to act in ways that protect American interests and principles…” Therefore, “The Pentagon needs to begin to calculate the force necessary to protect, independently, US interests in Europe, East Asia and the Gulf at all times.” And we better make some changes because the current extent of our military bases in the region do not allow for us to do that.
In short, “Rebuilding America’s Defenses” is a blueprint for imperialist (though that term in not used) conquest through perpetual threat of war, or actual war “when needed”. There is not the slightest hint in the whole document of any need to concern ourselves with international law OR with the “principles” or “interests” of any other country. The interests and rights of the people of other nations must be subservient to the principles and interests of the United States.
With their constant reference to American “principles”, the Neocons attempt to invoke a benevolent rationalization for their imperialistic ambitions. Who could argue against the preservation and spread of good old American principles? What could be more “patriotic” or benevolent than that? But their writings and actions make clear that the Neocons don’t have the slightest interest in
real American principles. When our Founding Fathers incorporated the original American principles into our Declaration of Independence and our Constitution with its Bill of Rights, they would have been horrified to know that future generations would claim defense of those principles as an excuse for imperialistic conquest and perpetual war.
The “War on Terrorism” as an ideologyGeorge W. Bush stated the ideology of his “War on Terrorism” at a meeting on the evening of September 11th, 2001:
I want you all to understand that we are at war and we will stay at war until this is done. Nothing else matters. Everything is available for the pursuit of this war. Any barriers in your way, they’re gone. Any money you need, you have it. This is our only agenda.
In essence, this ideology says that nothing is important other than the so-called “War on Terror”, and therefore
anything is justified in pursuit of that war: holding suspects in secret prisons for years or indefinitely, without any right to a trial or to
challenge their detention, is justified; daily
torture of those prisoners is justified. In essence, international law, our Declaration of Independence, our Constitution, and the laws of our land are out the window.
The first example of right-wing ideology that I discussed in this post was “White Supremacy”, an ideology that has by now been so discredited in this country that national politicians dare not admit to adhering to it. The ideology of George Bush’s “War on Terrorism” is actually very similar to the White Supremacy ideology, though it is carefully disguised so as not to appear so. The main difference is that “White Supremacy” is a racist ideology, whereas the “War on Terrorism” is an ultra nationalist ideology.
In fact, there is little difference. “White Supremacy” ideology says that black people are less than human and should not have the human rights that white people take for granted; whereas “War on Terrorism” ideology says that Muslims are less than human and should not have the human rights that Americans (unless they’re Muslim) take for granted.
The only other substantive difference is that the “War on Terrorism” ideology is disguised in a manner that makes it somewhat difficult to recognize for what it is. The White Supremacists of the Ante-Bellum American South were very straight forward concerning their opinions of the African race. In contrast, George Bush and his compatriots wouldn’t dare state out loud the opinion that Muslims are less than human and should have no rights. Instead, they justify their actions by proclaiming the dire need to protect the safety of Americans. In essence, their motivation is the accumulation of unprecedented power into their own hands; and their ideology is that in pursuit of their proclaimed goal, anything is justified, especially the torture and total deprivation of the rights of Muslims.
Right-wing ideology as a justification for dark motivesTo sum up what the four examples in this post have in common:
The primary motive of the White Supremacists was the ownership of slaves to increase their wealth and power. To justify their building their fortunes on the backs of other human beings they developed an ideology that proclaimed their slaves to be less than human.
The primary motive of the free market ideologues is to maintain and increase their wealth and power. To justify their continued accumulation of more wealth in the face of their apparent lack of concern for the well-being of their fellow countrymen, they developed a radical free-market ideology. That ideology proclaims that their continued accumulation of additional wealth at the expense of the vast majority of other people is both fair and good for society because their wealth will uplift everyone – or at least those who deserve it.
The primary motive of the Neocons is imperial conquest, through war, in order to increase their wealth and power and glory. To justify this they pretend that their imperialist ambitions are motivated by “American principles”, and they assert that military build-up and war are justified in the protection and promotion of so-called “American principles”. The largely unspoken belief that makes this ideology acceptable to too many Americans is that Americans are better and more deserving than anyone else.
The primary motive of the creators of the “War on Terrorism” ideology is the accumulation of unprecedented amounts of power into the hands of the sponsors of that “War”. To justify this they try to make us believe that our nation is in constant and dire peril. The almost entirely unspoken belief that fuels this ideology is that Muslims are evil and are our mortal enemy, and thus not deserving of the human rights that we accord to other people.
All of these radical right-wing ideologies are dehumanizing and destructive of the rights guaranteed to us by our Founding Fathers in the documents they created to found our nation. Between them, these and other radical right-wing ideologies threaten to destroy our nation and to plunge our world into war and chaos. Too many Americans have bought into these destructive ideologies. Americans must better learn to recognize the dark motives behind these ideologies and the fraudulent rationalizations that are used to justify and sell them. If they fail to do this in time they will lose their democracy and allow their country to be destroyed by power hungry right-wing ideologues.