http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_FootballThe Nuclear Football, otherwise known as the President's Emergency Satchel, and sometimes also referred to as The Button, is a specially-outfitted, black-colored briefcase used by the President of the United States of America to authorize the use of nuclear weapons. Adopted to permit the President to make a nuclear attack order while away from fixed command centers, such as the White House Situation Room, it functions as a mobile node in the strategic defense system of the United States. While exact details about the Football are highly classified, several sources have provided information regarding the bag, its contents, and operation.
Contents
It is presumed to hold a secure SATCOM radio and handset for communication, and any other materials that the president would rely on should a decision to use nuclear weapons need to be made. These include summaries of various predetermined attack options as well as plans to handle the national emergency that would follow a nuclear attack and retaliation. These materials are generated by, respectively, the National Security Agency, the United States Strategic Command (attack options), and the United States National Security Council (security/continuity-of-government plans). Contrary to popular belief, the Football does not contain the daily revisions of the nuclear launch codes (known as the "Gold Codes") which are typically kept on the president's person, but rather is a means by which the president can decide upon nuclear attack options and transmit that decision. The attack options provided in the football are part of the Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), which contains different scenarios that involve the use of nuclear weaponry.
Some accounts specifically assert that the case contains equipment and protocols for activating the Emergency Alert System (EAS). This is a logical assumption since, by the Federal Communication Commission's own official description, the EAS is designed to allow the president to address the nation within ten minutes of a national emergency, no matter where he/she happens to be at the time.
The case itself is a metallic, possibly bullet-resistant, modified Zero Halliburton briefcase which is carried inside a black leather "jacket." The entire package weighs approximately 40 pounds (18 kg). A small antenna, presumably for the SATCOM radio, protrudes from the bag near the handle. Another common misconception is that the Football is handcuffed to its carrier. Rather, a black cable is employed that loops around the handle of the bag and the wrist of the aide.
Operation
The Nuclear Football functions as the primary "trigger" for the United States nuclear arsenal. According to experts, in the event the president, as commander-in-chief, decides to order the use of nuclear weapons, he/she would be taken aside and the aide would open the briefcase. At that point, the aide and the president would review the attack options and decide upon a particular plan, whether that be a single cruise missile, or a large-scale ICBM launch. Next, using the SATCOM radio, the aide would make contact with the National Military Command Center or, in a post first-strike situation, an airborne command post plane (likely a Boeing E-4B). Before the order is processed by the military, the president must positively identify himself/herself using a special code issued to him/her on a plastic card, nicknamed the "biscuit." Once all the codes have been verified, the military would issue attack orders to the proper units.
The Football is carried by one of the rotating presidential military aides (one from each of the five service branches), who occasionally is physically attached to the briefcase. This person is a commissioned officer in the U.S. military, pay-grade O-4 or above, who has undergone the nation's most rigorous background check (Yankee White). These officers, who are armed, are required to keep the Football within ready access of the president at all times. Consequently, an aide, Football in hand, is always either standing or walking near the president or riding in Air Force One, Marine One, or the presidential motorcade with him.
History
The Football dates back to Dwight D. Eisenhower, but its current usage came about in the aftermath of the Cuban missile crisis, when John F. Kennedy worried about the commander-in-chief's ability to authorize a nuclear attack. First, he was worried that a nuclear attack order would be given without his permission. Second, in an era without cellular telephones, Kennedy felt that he would be unable to make and communicate a nuclear attack decision unless he was at a location hardwired to the Pentagon. The result of these concerns was an overhaul of America’s nuclear weapons command and control system, including the invention of a remote node for the decision-making system. This node was the Nuclear Football.