http://www.nyc.gov/html/ccrb/pdf/pepperreport.pdfDuring these training sessions, officers are not only instructed on the circumstances under
which use of OC is justified, as per the Patrol Guide, but also on proper procedural usage for the
spray. Officers are told to use verbal techniques to de-escalate the confrontation, if possible,
before resorting to pepper spray. They are taught not to fire the spray from within three feet of
subjects, not to use the spray on a windy day, and not to use OC in group settings or for crowd
control; they are trained to fire a maximum of two one-second bursts of the spray. Although the
Patrol Guide recommends the use of pepper spray against emotionally disturbed persons, officers
are warned during training that the spray might not work on such persons or on people under the
influence of drugs or alcohol, and to be prepared to change tactics should the spray not work.
They are cautioned that ineffectiveness is not a reason to escalate force used; rather the
independent circumstances continue to dictate appropriate force, regardless of the effectiveness
of pepper spray. Officers are trained to look out for an allergic reaction (which takes place about
one time in one hundred) to transport subjects who have been sprayed either on their sides or
sitting up, and to flush the subject’s eyes with cool water as soon as possible. Officers learn that
the effects of pepper spray should dissipate in about forty-five minutes.10