I've really never had a problem training a dog to go outside to do their business. My technique is to allow them access to the outdoors whenever they want to go outdoors. I've found that dogs don't really want to be bad. They will get into the trash if you allow them to, it's in their nature. They will do their business in the house if you don't allow them access to a suitable place to do their business.
I've never caged a member of my family. I've never struck a member of my family with my hand, a belt, a newspaper, or anything else. I've only raised my voice at members of my family when they needed to pay a little closer attention to their surroundings... like... say... an on-coming bus was about to run them over. That kind of thing. Goes for human as well as dog members.
I've lived in apartments, in homes that I could install fencing, and in homes where I was unable to install fencing.. In the homes with fencing, I've always installed doggie doors. Every new dog that I've had has been presented with the doggie doors. It took them literally 1 time to learn that the door was theirs to use as they needed to. From the single lesson, they've all known that the outdoors was available to them any time they needed to go outside to do their business. My current home has a fenced back yard and doggie doors.
Living in apartments, or houses without fencing presents a different issue all-together. In those homes, I had to walk the dogs. The dogs sleep in the bed, so if they wake up and jump off of the bed in the middle of the night, I wake up, put my clothes on, and take them out for a walk... a good walk. I spend the necessary time that it takes to make sure they have done their business. In the morning, my dogs always need to excuse their fecal material, so, I take the time to ensure that they've done that. Throughout the day, I take them out for several walks. I'd say no less than 5-6 times per day. They will excuse themselves on 2 of the walks. The others are simply to urinate. The final walk is always just before bed, and it's usually a long walk for them.
I'm fortunate to have a fenced back yard, and to be able to allow my dogs access to the outside. I'm certain that not everyone has that luxury. It makes things very easy though if it's an option.
Where puppies are concerned. I've only had 2 which was early on in my marriage. We adopt all of our dogs now. Puppies are going to do their business in the house. There is absolutely no way to avoid that in the beginning. I've always used the paper training method. Any time a puppy tries to go, I pick them up and let them go on the paper. Very soon, they get the drift and understand that the paper is the place they are supposed to go. Once that step has been taken care of, I lay paper out on the floor. They use the paper when they go. I move the paper closer and closer to the door that they will be going out of, then move it outside of the door. It's amazing how well that works. Especially if the door is windowed in a way that allows the dog to see the paper. Once the paper is outside... voila... no more doing business in the house. Later on, once the dog gets the drift, no more need for paper - the door is the way out for them, and every single time the dog goes to the door, I put my shoes on and take them for a walk.
I'm certainly not saying that mine is the the only... or even remotely close to being the best way. I'm simply saying that this has always worked for me. With every dog that I've had. Six to be precise.
The only other scenario to consider would be to leave your dogs in the house with no way outside for extended periods of time. I'm not sure there is a way to avoid the dog doing business in the house in this scenario. I've heard people say that they can leave their dogs in the house for 12 hours at a time without them doing their business. That's a bit extreme I think. I would hate to have to wait 12 hours to pee if I really had to go. I don't expect my dogs to wait 12 hours to pee. That has always seemed a bit cruel to me, so I've never done it. If I need to be gone for long periods of time, I'll ask a neighbor to help me out, so I've always found a way to get along with my neighbors.
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