cops caught on audio making up reason for arresting man after they arrested him

[Jackpine Radical]

61. Sorry, all 11 species of Corvidae are grouped together.

THE INCIDENCE OF ALBINISM IN NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS
by ALFRED O. GROSS
Over eighty years ago Ruthyen Deane (1876, 1879 and 1880)
compiled about a hundred cases of albinism, all that were known to
him. Since that time many more records have appeared in the
literature and numerous albinistic specimens have been accumulated
in museums and private collections of birds. I have also obtained
records from personal observations and many others through correspondence.
I am indebted to C. Chandler Ross (1962) for records
of several species contained in his recent report. Altogether there are
304 albinistic species represented by 1847 individuals. There are
records of albinism in each of the 20 orders and 54 of the 75 families
of North American birds. This list is adequate to reveal the approximate
incidence of albinism in the different orders, families
and species. I know of no better way to answer the important question
of incidence. It is of course well known that certain species are
more susceptible than others to abnormal plumages such as albinism
but to what extent has been merely a guess based on a too limited
number of observations.
The 54 families in which albinism have occurred are listed in
Table I. In Table II there are 28 species in which there are 15 or
more records each. There are among the 28 species a total of 952
records of albinism comprising 51.54 per cent of the 1847 compiled.
The remainder of the 276 species are represented by 895 cases of
albinism. Of the latter there were 99 species with only one instance
of albinism each, 46 with 2, 41 with 3, 27 with 4, 45 with 5, 12 with
6, 8 with 7, 8 with 8, 3 with 9, 4 •vith 10, 4 with 11, 3 with 13, 1
with 13 and 2 with 14 records each.
The Robin (Turdus migratorius) with 152 records of albinism
representing 8.22% and the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) with
104 records of 5.53% stand out above all others as the two species
with the greatest incidence of albinism. However, the large number
of records may be due in part to the close association of these two
birds with the habitat of man where any abnormal plumage is likely
to be seen and reported. Likewise the large number of albinos among
the game birds Anatidae, in which there were 155 records, is due in
part to sportsmen who bag albinos and usually call attention to
what they consider as valuable records as well as unique curiosities.
Albinos may be classified into four groups: 1. total or pure, 2.
incomplete, 3. imperfect, 4. partial. In the case of total or pure
67
68] Alfred O. Gross Bird-Banding April
TABLE I. FIFTY-FOUR FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS IN WHICH ALBINISM
OCCURRED IN THE 1847 RECORDS COMPILED. COLUMN 1 THE NUMBER OF SPECIES,
COLUMN 2 THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS.
Number of Number of
Families species individuals
Gaviidae: Loons 2 5
Podicipedidae: Grebes 5 11
Procellariidae: Shearwaters, Fulmars 3 7
Sulidae: Boobies and Gannets 1 1
Phalacrocoracidae: Cormorants 2 4
Ardeidae: Herons and Bitterns 6 12
Threskiornithidae: Ibises and Spoonbills 2 5
Anatidae: Swans, Geese and Ducks 35 155
Cathartidae: American Vultures 2 12
Accipitridae: Hawks, Old World Vultures and Harriers 10 48
Falconidac: Caracaras and Falcons 4 5
Tetraonidae: Grouse and Ptarmigan 6 32
Phasianidae: Quail, Pheasants, and Peacocks 8 99
Meleagrididae: Turkeys 1 8
Gruidae: Cranes 1 2
Railidac: Rails, Gallinules and Coots 5 19
ttaematopodidae: Oystercatchers 1 1
Charadriidae: Plovers, Turnstones and Surfbirds 2 4
Scolopacidae: Woodcock, Snipe, and Sandpipers 17 39
Recurvirostridae: Avocets and Stilts 2 2
Phalaropodidae: Phalaropes 1 1
Stercorariidae: Jaegers and Skuas 1 3
Laridae: Gulls and Terns 10 33
Alcidae: Auks, Murres, and Puffins 7 27
Columbidae: Pigeons and Doves 2 5
Psittacidae: Lories, Parrots, and Macaws i 1
Cuculidae: Cuckoos, Roadrunners, and Anis 3 9
Strigidae: Typical Owls 5 9
Caprimulgidae: Goatsuckers 2 5
Apodidae: Swifts i 6
Trochilidae: Hummingbirds 4 16
Trogonidae: Trogons i 1
Alcedinidae: Kingfishers i 3
Picidae: Woodpeckers 10 48
Tyrannidae: Tyrant Flycatchers 11 30
Alaudidae: Larks 2 5
Hirundinidae: Swallows 8 67
Corvidae: Jays, Magpies and Crows 11 116
Paridae: Titmice, Verdins, and Bushtits 3 16
Sittidae: Nuthatches 2 6
Troglodytidae: Wrens 3 6
Mimidae: Mockingbirds and Thrashers 4 73
Turdidae: Thrushes, Solitaires, and Bluebirds 14 214
Sylviidae: Old World Warblers, Gnatcatchers and
Kinglets 1 6
Motacillidae: Wagtails and Pipits 3 9
Bombcyillidae: Waxwings 2 8
Laniidae: Shrikes 1 1
Sturnidae: Starlings 1 12
Vireonidae: Vireos 1 1
Parulidae: Wood Warblers 11 31
Ploceidae: Weaver Finches 2 109
Icteridae: Meadowlarks, Blackbirds and Troupials 16 188
Thraupidae: Tanagers 2 15
Fringillidae: Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows and
Buntings 42 296